This essay addresses the theme of the evolution of “monetary” instruments in archaicRome, with a special focus on the different forms of fine payment in the fifth centuryBC.Through the analysis of literary, juridical, archaeological and linguistic data, this articleintends to question the idea – established by Theodor Mommsen in 1860 and oftenfollowed up to present times – that between c. 450 and 430 BC the more “primitive”form of payment in cattle was completely replaced by a more “progressive” payment in“monetary” bronze.The sources discussed in this essay show in the first place that, in fact, fines that werelevied in cattle – which were likely to have existed from the regal age – were stillimposed well after the fifth century BC. Plus, ...